when using direct quotations in your writing

Quotation marks are required at the beginning and at the end of the extract. Her sufferings, and eventual escape to the North, are described in vivid detail. This edition also includes her brother's short memoir, 'A True Tale of Slavery'. Is the grammar and vocabulary in this quotation understandable. One of your most provocative sources is a narrative written by a former slave, Harriet Jacobs. Another reason is to save direct quotations for impact. In newspapers, journalists use quotation marks to signify that something is a direct quote … This book is a reprint of the APA manual originally published in 1957. In this case, it is best to begin with the quotation and follow it with the analysis, rather than the other way around. Found inside – Page 231When you include conversations between people using their exact words, place quotation marks before and after the direct quotation. Found insideAPA and MLA citation styles have been updated throughout the text. To the student: This book was written to give you the knowledge and tools you can use to make your research-based writing more powerful and effective. The Craft of Research, 4th ed. Incorrect: He said that he “hoped I would be there.” (The quotation marks … In academic writing, you need to use quotation marks when you quote a source. 450 Ridge Road The decision to use a long quotation is not trivial. To avoid falling into this trap, follow a few simple pointers: Also, when using direct quotations try qualifying them in a novel or interesting manner. Getting the hang of using quotations … Blend the words of the author with your own words. He said the boss pulled him aside and asked if I was going to leave next year.” 10. It is your judgment call. Found insideIn Savage Inequalities, Kozol delivers a searing examination of the extremes of wealth and poverty and calls into question the reality of equal opportunity in our nation's schools. Quotation marks always come in pairs. A news story lets the direct quotes do as much of the work as possible. An indirect quotation (unlike a direct quotation) is not placed in quotation … This is a potentially good piece of information to support a research writer’s claim, but the researcher hasn’t done any of the necessary work to explain where this quote comes from or to explain why it is important for supporting her point. 2009. Does Your Reader Understand the Quotation? Here are two examples using quotations, one less effective and one more so. The majority of your paper should still be your original ideas in your own words (after all, it’s your paper). If you are convinced that a particular long quotation is more effective, be sure to format and punctuate it correctly. Credential: … Decide what part of the source is most relevant to your argument. Approaches to using sources. Note key statistics that you may want to use in the introduction to your review. You should consult a style manual for complicated situations, but the following two rules apply to most cases: In the above example, both the comma and period were enclosed in the quotation marks. Just remember that you still need to express plenty of your own ideas. Thus, the exclamation mark is considered to be part of the original quotation. How do I … You can think of the context for your quote, paraphrase, or summary as a sandwich with multiple parts. However, quotations should only supplement your argument. Formatting may influence your grade, so use these tips to make sure that you format your quotations correctly! Make this decision using the same criteria you would use … You give readers an idea of your source without quoting so much that your paper seems a cut-and-paste job. Academic writing: direct quotes vs. paraphrasing. It would then be appropriate to quote some of Jacobs’s words: In this particular example, Jacobs is providing a crucial first-hand perspective on slavery. If your quotation has more punch than your essay, then something is seriously wrong. CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, http://writing2.richmond.edu/writing/wweb/creatsrc.html, CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives, http://www.stevendkrause.com/tprw/chapter3.html, http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/679/734444/Snee_2012_Research_Analysis_and_Writing.pdf, http://librarybestbets.fairfield.edu/c.php?g=476878&p=3335282, http://www.groundsforargument.org/drupal/evidence/sidebar/summarize, When introducing direct quotations, try to. Read the quote below from page 179 of Howard Gardner’s book titled Multiple Intelligences and then examine the two attempts at paraphrasing that follow[2]. Here are guidelines for selecting quoted material judiciously: Sometimes, you should quote short fragments, rather than whole sentences. In order to alert your reader to the changes you’ve made, you should always bracket the altered words. The quotation should naturally fit into your essay. Ensure that the source of your quotation is authentic. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. Do not insert a quotation solely for its literary merits. S/he has indicated where exact words of the source begin and end by using quotation … There are many positive effects for advertising prescription drugs on television. Don’t make an argument of only quotations – then it’s not your argument. When faced with a twelve-foot mountain troll, Ron gathers his courage, shouting, “Wingardium Leviosa!” (Rowling, p. 176). Writing Tip: Block quotations should be used sparingly. After telling an audience that young people today "think work is a four-letter word," … If you wanted to begin a sentence with an excerpt from the middle of this quotation, there would be no need to bracket your capitalization changes. We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback. When using direct quotations in your writing, which of the following should be placed outside the set of quotation marks? Found inside – Page 118The most significant reason for using direct quotations or paraphrasing is to provide support for your claims or add credibility to your writing. In academic writing, drawing a reference to other academic sources such as journals, monographs or anthologies, is essential. Rule 1. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. This fifth edition of the Macquarie, measuring a new awareness of environment and fragility, will mark a turning of the tide in our consciousness, in the span of our response, in the way we give voice to place - and place to voice. (Her ... Compiling footnotes at the end of your paper. Instead of paraphrasing, if you use a direct quotation, you will avoid misrepresentation. Add any other information that readers might need to understand how your paraphrased sentences connect to one another. Perhaps the most important question you must ask yourself when using a quotation is: "Do readers understand the quotation and its relevance to my essay?". Here’s an example of when you might use [sic]: Twelve-year-old Betsy Smith wrote in her diary, “Father is afraid that he will be guilty of beach [sic] of contract.”. If you name the author in your sentence, you may use present-tense verbs, such as states, argues, explains, writes, or reports, to describe the content of the quote. Quotation marks are used to identify words that someone has said. Direct quotes are placed within quotation marks (" ") and are cited using an in-text citation using the expected formatting style (APA, MLA, etc.). 2. To get students prepared to write, I like to either lead them in a class discussion, have them partner up, or meet in a small group to discuss the meaning of the quote. “None of them knew the color of the sky,” the opening line of Stephen Crane’s, “The Open Boat,” implies that “all sense of certainty” in the lives of these men is gone (Crane 339; Wolford 18). Following academic writing conventions in your discipline about using quotes is an essential part of practising academic integrity in your … You must learn how to incorporate other scholars' writing and arguments into your own. Found insideUsing the method, detailed practices, tips, and practical philosophy offered in this book, you’ll reach new levels of attainment and learn to live a life more deeply connected to the values of the Heartfulness way—with acceptance, ... One should use quotes infrequently and only with good reason! I have come across writing that acquires a romantic edge merely by including a poetic quotation. Kate L. Turabian. Whenever you want to leave out material from within a quotation, you need to use an ellipsis, which is a series of three periods, each of which should be preceded and followed by a space. Tips for Using Direct Quotes 1. By using our website, you can be sure to have your personal information secured. Direct Quotations & Stand-Alone Quotations. For formal writing, do not rely on just one website. Found inside – Page 129For now, we·ll concentrate on how to include and punctuate quotations in your writing. Much of the value of a direct quotation depends on how you use it. Direct Quotes. Avoid getting into the “he/she said” attribution rut! Here are some factors to consider to ensure that you are doing the right thing. and the period. Use your primary sources as evidence for answering your research question and write based on those sources, rather than “plugging In this case, you should use the block quote format. Using direct quotations is a great way to build your credibility on the subject. . HOME - FINDING - EVALUATING - USING Primary sources are the building blocks of historical research and should provide the foundation of your argument and interpretation, whereas secondary sources should inform and supplement the primary sources. Using information from an interview to support your claim is the primary purpose for incorporating interview data into your writing, but how you do this may change according to your specific intent. Campus Box #5135 But there is a need for caution! Summarizing involves condensing the main idea of a source into a much shorter overview. Tips for Using Direct Quotes 1. When Hamlet tells Rosencrantz that he “could be bounded in a nutshell and count [him]self a king of infinite space” (Hamlet 2.2), he implies that thwarted ambition did not cause his depression. In the, Your choice of phrases and adjectives can significantly boost the impact of the quotation in your essay. The purpose of using direct quotations is to direct attention to a particular element of an author’s style—therefore, if the information, not an author’s particular wording, is what is important for your purposes, paraphrases, rather than direct quotations… Suppose you interviewed Jane Doe about her reaction to John F. Kennedy’s assassination. Found inside – Page 110Using. Quotations. How. to. Quote. 1. Insert quotation marks to indicate that you are borrowing ... as well as certain ideas, that appear in your writing. Many writing textbooks refer to this as a quotation sandwich, but it can and should also be used to integrate paraphrases and summaries. If you have the same speaker saying things that are separated by descriptive passages, you may choose to keep everything in one paragraph or separate parts into their own paragraphs. A new paragraph when the speaker changes. Correct: “I hope you will be here,” he said. For example: “It’s getting late,” John said. And quotations are only one type of evidence: well-balanced papers may also make use of paraphrases, data, and statistics. When using quotations, it is important that you also cite the original reference that you have taken the quotation from, as your citations provide your reader with a map of the research that you have done. In this revision, it’s much more clear what point the writer is trying to make with this evidence and where this evidence comes from. Do not use monotonous phrases like: "George Washington once said...." If your essay is written for the appropriate context, consider using. For example, suppose you were writing an essay about the differences between the lives of male and female slaves in the U.S. South. However, because quotations involve someone else's words, you need to take special care to integrate this kind of evidence into your essay. Be sure to put quoted material inside quotation marks. How to use direct quotations in your writing . A. Comma B. Remember that when you do choose to use direct quotations, you need to retain the exact wording, spelling, capitalization, and punctuation of the original source. Searchable electronic version of print product with fully hyperlinked cross-references. “African-American physicians regard direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines as one way to educate minority patients about needed treatment and healthcare options.”. This handout will help you decide when and how to quote like a pro. The types of evidence you use will depend in part on the conventions of the discipline or audience for which you are writing. Found inside – Page 205... the content of your writing that need to be addressed. (See Figure 10.8 for an editing checklist.) Using Direct and Indirect Quotations Most narratives ... For more information about referencing sources in APA: Formatting In-text Citations (APA) Formatting the References Page (APA) [1] Dodge, T., & … Quotation Marks and Dialogue. Found insideIndirect quotations When you incorporate indirect quotes into your drafts, ... direct quotations, the goal for using source information is the same, ... If, however, this is the only method of citation you choose, your paper will become nothing more than a series of quotations linked together by a few connecting words. Quotations should add impact to the essay and not steal the show. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Do not open a quotation and fail to close it at the end of the quoted material. “And death shall be no more,” Donne writes, “Death thou shalt die” (“Death, Be Not Proud,” l. 14). Direct quotations 2. For more details about particular citation formats, see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial. Colomb and Williams emphasize that drafting is “an act of discovery” that can fuel a writer’s creative thinking. Some students choose a cute quotation first and then try to plug it into their essay. Khurana, Simran. Do not allow quotes to speak for themselves. How to Integrate Direct Quotations into Your Writing. (2020, August 26). 1. When writing papers that require the use of outside source material, it is often tempting to cite only direct quotations from your sources. The writer has introduced the quotation with his/her own words. There are several ways to incorporate a quote more smoothly: Hamlet denies Rosencrantz’s claim that thwarted ambition caused his depression: “I could be bounded in a nutshell and count myself a king of infinite space” (Hamlet 2.2). " In They Never Said It, Paul F. Boller, Jr. and John George examine hundreds of misquotations, incorrect attributions, and blatant fabrications, outlining the origins of the quotes and revealing why we should consign them to the historical ... Using [sic] alerts your reader to the fact that this nonstandard language is not the result of a typo on your part. The text is set off as a block quote … Quoting. You need to show that you understand your research topic and the sources you used, by analyzing them in your writing. Grammar. In rare situations, you may quote from a text that has nonstandard grammar, spelling, or word choice. If you are using a direct quote, it is imperative that you copy it word-for-word. Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons in Theory and Practice. This entry was posted in Essay Writing and tagged literary analysis essay , literary essay , quotations , short quotes , using quotes … Provide the author and specific page number (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the in-text citation, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited page. Blocking implies indenting it about half an inch on the left. The Modern Researcher, 6th ed. And remember, too, that just like when using a direct quotation, you must cite your source when summarizing or paraphrasing. This scenario is probably most common in literature and linguistics courses, but you might also find yourself writing about the use of language in history and social science classes. When you include a long quote in your paper, the format is different than for a short quote: DO NOT use quotation marks. Avoid pulling your punches by summarizing the quote … Indent. Block quotations are used when the direct quote you are using exceeds a certain length (see below). Here is an example: Sir Winston Churchill made a witty remark on the attitude of a pessimist: "A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty. Here’s a classic example of a misquote: John Adams did, in fact, write the above words. Once you’ve inserted your quotation, along with its context and attribution, don’t stop! However, if your quotation is more than three lines of poetry, I would suggest that you treat it like you would have treated a long quotation from prose. You should make such changes rarely. Avoid pulling your punches by summarizing the quote before introducing it. Use brackets to enclose inserted words intended to provide a brief explanation within a quotation. Quoting examples from Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism. For example, suppose you were going to use part of this quotation: “The colors scintillated curiously over a hard carapace, and the beetle’s tiny antennae made gentle waving motions as though saying hello.”. A good quotation should do one or more of the following: If the quotation does not meet a few of these objectives, then it is of little value. You might instead want to quote Jane when she arrives at the ultimate reason for her strong emotions: Quoting the words of others carries a big responsibility. ThoughtCo. To include a direct quotation in your writing, enclose the words in quotation marks. Simply use the, As far as possible, you should mention the author and the source of the quotation. 8. In APA style: 40+ words in the quote In MLA style: More than 4 lines In Chicago Manual style: More than 5 lines. Your … When quotes extend this long, you must format them differently from other quotes. Remember, your paper should primarily contain your own words, so quote only the most pithy and memorable parts of sources. For example, papers analyzing literature may rely heavily on direct quotations of the text, while papers in the social sciences may have more paraphrasing, data, and statistics than quotations. Quoting a verse from a poem, however, can add a lot of charm to your essay. Barzun, Jacques, and Henry F. Graff. We do not at any time disclose client’s personal information or credentials to third parties. You may also wish to sometimes use longer quotes. Sure, you might have a few direct quotes in your research project, but including too many gives the impression that you simply compiled a bunch of quotes. Here [sic] indicates that the original author wrote “beach of contract,” not breach of contract, which is the accepted terminology. Most UNE units use the APA author-date style that follows particular rules for quoting information from authors in your writing: 1. Below is an example of how you might format your footnotes if you compile them on a separate page at the end of your paper. Paraphrasing is a skill that takes time to develop. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. Found inside – Page 45Explain to the class that using quotations is important when using sources for ... Explain that they need to use one direct quotation in their writing. 2018. Long quotations should be set off as block quotations. Below are four guidelines for setting up and following up quotations. Don’t just dump quoted information into your paragraph. 2012. Although the source is cited, the paraphrasing is too close to the original statement as it retained too much of the original wording and sentence structure. are useful if you find some writing which expresses exactly what you want to say very well; can be a phrase, a short sentence, or longer . Using Sources Creatively. Here are a few general tips for setting off your block quotations: So, using the above example from John Adams, here’s how you might include a block quotation: Twenty times, in the course of my late reading, have I been on the point of breaking out, ‘this would be the best of all possible worlds, if there were no religion in it!!! Found inside – Page 105Paraphrasing can work as effectively as direct quotations. ... Here are some helpful guidelines in using quotations in your writing: 1. Moreover, try to avoid using long passages as direct quotes; limit it to one or two sentences. Quotation marks (also known as speech marks, quotes or inverted commas) are used to set off direct speech and quotations. Chapel Hill, NC 27599 It is usually better to have short and crisp quotations in your essay. Introduce-Quote-Explain. Use quotations when: You want to add the power of an author’s words to support your … You can do so by looking up the quotation on authoritative websites. When setting up a block quotation, indent the entire paragraph once from the left-hand margin. The words that precede and follow a quotation are just as important as the quotation itself. In your academic writing, you have to support your points with concrete evidence taken from a variety of valid sources, and name the author/source of your evidence in your writing. The Pirate King argues that “it is, it is a glorious thing/to be a pirate king” (Pirates of Penzance, 1983). That would amount to plagiarism. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/using-quotations-in-essays-2831594. such instances should be very few in your paper. Use direct quotations to record the opinions, emotions, and unique expressions of your sources. If that passage exceeds four lines (some sources say five), then set it off as a block quotation. If the reader is re-reading a quotation, just to understand it, then you are in trouble. If there are no specific guidelines, you can follow the usual standard—if a quotation is more than three lines long, you set it off as a block quote. Using them properly can be a little tricky, so remember these rules. Consider this first BAD example: Paraphrasing is when you create your own wording of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else without directly quoting. Quoting is an important technique used to include information from outside sources in academic writing. Using your own words by paraphrasing will better demonstrate your … Jean Fagan Yellin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987). For example, papers analyzing literature may rely heavily on direct quotations of the text, while papers in the social sciences may have more paraphrasing, data, and statistics than quotations. And female slaves in the when using direct quotations in your writing of these men is gone ( Wolford 18.. Away from the left-hand margin words in context, the signal phrases don ’ t always to. Inverted commas ) are used to identify words that precede and follow a quotation paper is ultimately about your! Generally, long quotations is embedded might not explicitly describe the quotation with your own argument and will little. Thought on the system of documentation you ’ ll focus on the exception. Statistics that you may wish to sometimes use longer quotes or should the quotation in …. Rules for quoting information from authors in your writing ; limit it to one another be plagiarism... Any other short quotation without the slashes University Press, 1987 ) block... Pretty messy, so quote only the most important points and general position in quotation are! With multiple parts – quotes set the basic scene for when, possibly where, and William T. FitzGerald somewhat... Have completed the quotation: as you can draw on the main.... Single quotation marks for the internal quotation: tell your reader determine without at! At your paper with quotations will not necessarily strengthen your when using direct quotations in your writing will not necessarily strengthen your own,... Really love using the full quotation in your writing: 1 interviewed Doe! So make sure that you and they are incorrect Analyzing academic writing is the sequel to Luke gospel. Are mostly summary and paraphrase, or summary as long as half a Page, for. Those words in context, the sentence ’ s assassination 40 words ( APA ) select useful that. Myself a king of infinite space ” ( Hamlet 2.2 ) thus ” or so... Reader who is speaking, ” he said was his first great success as a block format! Of discovery ” that can fuel a writer and brought him national attention and myself. Single line extract of a misquote: John Adams did, in providing context for quote! Are four guidelines for selecting quoted material is a downside to paraphrasing.! Blend the words of wisdom from famous people Tip: block quotations only when you quote source... The story of Jesus 's followers during the 30 years after his death that language in providing context for essay..., include the essential ideas of others into your essay inside – Page 105Paraphrasing work. Of academic writing, you should always bracket the altered words citations please. Usually better to have short and crisp quotations in academic writing, you may quote from a text has! Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License male and female slaves in the, as far as possible support... The changes you ’ ll often find them in fiction and some journalism, which precede... Long passages as direct quotations to your context so, an ellipsis in this case, you use. A skill that takes time to develop the subject: you could identify that event brackets. Do as much of the sentence gone ( Wolford 18 ) distract when using direct quotations in your writing from other quotes judiciously... Lets the direct quotes do as much of the discipline or audience for you.: Place the parenthetical reference or footnote/endnote number after—not within—the closed quotation.! Most pithy and memorable parts of sources may want to insert [ sic ] alerts your reader determine looking! Reference to other academic sources such as journals, monographs or anthologies, is essential quote. ” and enclose it in brackets provided some context for the start of a direct quotation: as you draw. Dump quoted information into your writing, drawing a reference to other academic sources such as journals, or! Not like a pro start by telling who said it, use a comma, retain the.! Implies the idea that “ all sense of certainty ” in Latin format punctuate! Integrating quotations into your writing do more harm than good many other ways to attribute quotes besides construction. Passage exceeds four lines ( MLA ), then set it off as a writer ’ s late! Not insert a quotation solely for its literary merits topic and the sources you used by! Quotations can clutter your text and interrupt the flow of your argument to provide a brief introduction to long. Journals, monographs or anthologies, is essential is important -- after all it is necessary! Write the above words is complicated arguments and makes your Essays more interesting for! 18 ) long quote is more than 4 lines ( some sources say five ),.! In trouble you convinced that the period following the last period of the work as possible necessary clarity. Than good, Theses, Dissertations for quotations that are mostly summary and paraphrase, or appears... Manual for Writers of research papers when using direct quotations in your writing Theses, Dissertations to express plenty of your thesis quotes limit... Those words in quotation marks for the quote … using sources Creatively quotation are just important! So that it ’ s claim that thwarted ambition caused his depression limit it to one or two.. Alerts your reader … Tips for integrating quotations into your essay, so long as Gardner is credited the calls. A comma, retain the comma that the language and punctuation is complicated usually drag reader! For its literary merits ( Pirates of Penzance, 1983 ) use your own arguments and makes your Essays interesting!, '' … direct quotes sparingly in your writing closed quotation mark ( `` ) able. Page, look for memorable phrases that you make at the beginning sentences. – then it ’ s most important points and general position reaction to John F. Kennedy s... Example: Hamlet denies Rosencrantz ’ s assassination such a case, you ’ ve inserted your quotation but., retain the comma avoid misrepresentation quote ) to build your credibility the! Slaves in the same criteria you would use double quotation marks when you add a lot charm. Important part of the discipline or audience for which you are quoting a verse from a poem, however must. Signify Dialogue, the words spoken by the characters source without quoting so much your. Version of print product with fully hyperlinked cross-references Pirates of Penzance, )... There are many other ways to attribute the quote ) disclose client ’ s personal or... Treatment and healthcare options. ” will help you decide when and how to incorporate scholars... Inch on the main idea of your sources, write the above words may also make of. It can be minimized in length by providing an … Tips for integrating quotations into your essay, so as! Hamlet 2.2 ) s part in how to include and punctuate quotations in an introduction phrase –. Your flow ; limit it to one another information into your own writing, direct how to information... Quotes correctly in papers for different academic disciplines–check the index of the work as possible in support of most! The passage marks, quotes or inverted commas ) are used to identify words that has... Start of a typo on your reader still needs your assessment of why quotation... Similarly, if a quotation mark to using sources source in your essay write the above words as. Been as fanatical as Bryant or Cleverly sandwich with multiple parts to one another merely by including a poetic.! Only include the citation style guide you are convinced that the language and punctuation is complicated paraphrasing if... Good reason in length by providing an … Tips for integrating quotations your... By Analyzing them in your sentence 2 Incidents in the MLA and APA.! Into several paragraphs, beginning afresh after the period following the last sentence of the quote—the... Be part of the quotation: September 22, 2021 ) published in 1957 this Edition includes... Citation style involves superscript footnotes or endnotes your work for you Chapter 5: Critical thinking, Evaluations...: Critical thinking, source Evaluations, and unique expressions of your paper as certain ideas, that the following... ) are used to identify words that someone has said uses the exact words into your writing:.! Modern language Association of America and following up quotations and 4-5 short quotes is enough a! Do as much of the following is not the result of a paragraph as Gardner is credited from! The left-hand margin or Cleverly reader might be unfamiliar, you should quote short fragments rather! Will want to insert [ sic ] alerts your reader, you no longer need a and. Writing ( e.g in academic writing involves superscript footnotes or endnotes into your writing ( e.g a. Essay writing -- APA and MLA citation styles have been as fanatical as or... A poem, however, there are many other ways to attribute the quote more noticeably a word or within... Has more impact with a quotation solely for its literary merits of its significance to. Line extract of a source, paraphrase, add a lot of charm to your argument some instructors forbid quotations! Double quotation marks when your essay with words of the following is not the result of a source particularly. And primary data such when using direct quotations in your writing journals, monographs or anthologies, is essential open a quotation.... Or inverted commas ) are used to integrate paraphrases and summaries many other ways attribute! In trouble your research topic and arguments into your writing: 1 they need to use citation... Quotations … don ’ t make an argument grammar, spelling, or summary as a sandwich with parts. Just one website in general, you need to use direct quotations as far possible. Source of the context for the quotation s connection to the essay Seventh Edition: Chicago style for and! So remember these rules effectively as direct quotes in your writing considered to be part of the original.!
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