relationship between income inequality and life expectancy

Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/general/reports/2018/05/10/450580/bold-ideas-state-action/, https://www.congress.gov/115/plaws/publ97/PLAW-115publ97.pdf, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4866586/, https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/tobacco_related_mortality/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/trends/cig_smoking/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/releases/released201806.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6702a1.htm, https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/factsheets/0260.pdf, https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/factsheets/0072.pdf, https://no-smoke.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/SummaryUSPopList.pdf, https://www.click2houston.com/news/texas/smoking-banned-at-houston-city-parks-libraries, 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http://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Health/Epidemiology/CHI_Report_3.20.17.pdf, https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/news/2015-09-04/no-smoking-austin-10-years-later/, https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Parks/Special_Events/PETF/smoking_Ordinance_20111215-019.pdf, https://library.municode.com/tx/austin/ordinances/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=836589, https://austintexas.gov/page/communities-putting-prevention-work-tobacco, http://www.austintexas.gov/department/tobaccosmoking-cessation-and-prevention, http://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Health/Chronic_Disease/Young_Adults_and_Smoking.pdf, ‮g​r​o​.​s​s​e​r​g​o​r​p​n​a​c​i​r​e​m​a​@​r​e​g​r​e​b​e​e​s​c‭, ‮g​r​o​.​s​s​e​r​g​o​r​p​n​a​c​i​r​e​m​a​@​d​r​e​h​p​e​h​s​m‭, STATEMENT: CAP’s Ben Olinsky Urges Congress To Pass the Protecting Our Democracy Act, STATEMENT: CAP’s John Podesta Praises Biden Commitment to International Climate Finance, STATEMENT: 10 Years Since the Repeal of ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,’ Congress Must Reaffirm Its Commitment to LGBTQ Americans by Passing the Equality Act, Supplemental Security Income: An Essential Program for Disabled Americans, Making CTC and EITC Expansions Permanent Would Reduce Poverty and Grow the Economy, Center for American Progress, “Bold Ideas for State Action,” (2018), available at, Raj Chetty and others, “The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014,”, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults in the United States,” available at, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Tobacco-Related Mortality,” available at, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students and Adults, United States, 1965-2014,” available at, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Early Release of Selected Estimates Based on Data from the 2017 National Health Interview Survey,” available at, Ahmed Jamal and others, “Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults – United States, 2016,”, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, “Tobacco and Socioeconomic Status” (2018), available at, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, “Toll of Tobacco in the United States of America” (2018), available at, American Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation, “Summary of 100% Smokefree State Laws and Population Protected by 100% U.S. Smokefree Laws” (2018), available at. A study by Chetty et al found that the gaps in life expectancy between the 1% richest and 1% poorest individuals were 14.6 years for men and 10.1 years for women from 2000 to 2014 in the United States. Additional efforts have built on this initial success. Short answer — It dropped. E-cigarettes sales increased by 14.4 percent over 2014 and 2015,32 with 2.4 million middle and high school students current users in 2014.33. Such action was prompted by a priority to invest in youth, education, and health and well-being, as well as tackle tobacco use overall—one of the city’s biggest public health concerns. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Cigarette taxes have been shown to be a highly effective policy in stopping smoking.20 Studies have shown a relationship between price increases and smoking rates. The significant results for homicide and cancers disappeared after further adjustment for indicators of democracy, education, transition to national independence, armed conflicts, and economic freedom. For example, in his study of national income inequality among eleven industrialised countries, Wilkinson (1992) reported a correlation of -0.81 between indices of inequality and life expectancy after controlling for gross national product per capita. In one With each step up the inequality ladder, bigger income differences between rich and poor, the worse a country did in terms of life expectancy. Income Inequality and Life Expectancy There’s an interesting story in The Upshot section of The New York Times this week about income inequality and life expectancy. The line for Britain and Ireland is an average trend of these two countries. To show the income-happiness correlation across countries, the chart plots the relationship between self-reported life satisfaction on the vertical axis and GDP per capita on the horizontal axis. Papers dealing with policy issues and development problems are also being solicited if they deal with population issues. Cross-country associations of income inequality with cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, “State Cigarette Excise Tax Rates & Rankings”; ibid. U.S. National and regional trends in income inequality and age- and cause-specific mortality. In Happiness and Hardship, Carol Graham and Stefano Pettinato provide a new conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between subjective well being and the political sustainability of market-oriented economic growth in 17 Latin ... The inclusion of TFYR Macedonia would cause a sudden increase of the Western Balkan average Gini index at the point of 1989. And I found that was much truer than I would have imagined. doi: 10.1093/ije/31.3.546. Researchers studied life expectancy in 140 countries between 1987 and 2008. Abstract: What is inequality in health? City officials began major policy change in 2013 by regulating the sale of flavored tobacco products, including menthol, that are particularly appealing to young people. Tale of two counties: Poverty linked to lower life expectancy in US. Policies such as smoke-free air laws, higher tobacco taxes, and tobacco control programs—especially when used together—create an environment where tobacco use is unattractive, expensive, and restricted, and may help close the gap in life expectancy between higher-income and lower-income populations. Human beings are expected to live on average 30–40 years in Eswatini and 82.6 years in Japan, but the latter's recorded life expectancy may have been very slightly increased by counting many infant deaths as stillborn. Authors suggest economic growth has a weaker benefit Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. There is some discussion around the state raising the minimum purchasing age for tobacco to 21,52 but significant community support would be required for such a change. Smoke-free air laws have traditionally applied to workplaces, bars, and restaurants, but some localities also include places such as parks and other outdoor spaces on their lists of where individuals are not allowed to smoke.18 Tobacco control programs are generally geared toward reducing smoking rates by preventing individuals from beginning to smoke and encouraging current smokers to quit, along with reducing secondhand smoke exposure.19. To tackle youth cigarette use, the city looked to institute high-impact policy changes that would make cigarettes and related tobacco products less affordable, accessible, and attractive to youth. While state and city policymakers can and should adopt targeted tobacco prevention policies within their communities to help individuals thrive, the federal government must contribute to these efforts by providing financial resources to implement robust programs. The Gini coefficient is a measure of income inequality. This weeklong event kicked off in front of one of the Housing Authority’s developments and, again, was a multistakeholder engagement that had backing from 45 advocacy groups, hospitals, insurance companies, and other entities.51. The link between income disparities and health has been studied mostly in developed nations. Lauren McGaughy, “Texas may snuff out smoking for anyone younger than 21,” Dallas News, January 2017, available at, Austin Public Health, “Critical Health Indicators Report” (2017), available at, R.U. Rates of Smoking, Obesity, Exercise, and Life Expectancy by CZ for Individuals in Bottom Quartile eFigure 14. Very striking relationships. Engaging, revelatory, and timely, this is Putnam’s most ambitious work yet, a fitting capstone to a brilliant career. Milbank Q. Found insideThis paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. Found insideThis paper analyzes the macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS. There are federal, state, and sometimes local tobacco taxes, and some states have used this revenue for tobacco control and prevention. Furthermore, in 1998, 46 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and four other territories, and the main tobacco manufacturers signed a Master Settlement Agreement that, among other things, provides payments to states for tobacco-related health care costs.28 States have received more than $100 billion under the agreement; however, as states are able to decide how to utilize this money, only a small percentage of these funds are used for tobacco prevention.29 Many states have used the payments for health care purposes such as expanding Medicaid or their State Children’s Health Insurance Program, though some have used them for tax reductions or other purposes.30 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also provides funding for all states, calling investment in tobacco control one of the “best buys” in public health and reporting that states with robust programs have seen a $55 return on investment in health care costs for every dollar spent.31, As cities and states look to enact additional policies, it is critical that officials take into account the ever-changing nature of the tobacco industry and market. This report, part of a Series on health and inequality in the USA, focuses on how the health-care system, which could reduce income-based disparities in health, instead often exacerbates them. Life expectancy for the total population decreased in 2015 for the first time since 1993, with larger decreases for some groups than others (Murphy et al. Moreover, inequality in life expectancy between the rich and poor in the United States widened during the 2000s. eFigure 12. Method Life tables were created using 3 years of deaths (May 2001–April 2004) linked to Scottish 2001 Census data for 4.62 million individuals with self-reported ethnicity. Those who live in deprived communities, where there is under-investment in the social and physical infrastructure, experience poor health, resulting in higher mortality for those of lower socio-economic class. The income-life expectancy relationship is non- About 800 people die yearly in Travis County, where Austin is located, due to cigarette and tobacco use.53 Like Houston, Austin does not impose a local tax on tobacco; nevertheless, Austin has aggressively targeted smoking rates through other public health policies, particularly smoking bans. high income inequality, such as the United States, will have lower life expectancy than their average income would warrant. Inequality within a community at the neighborhood level and the incidence of mood disorders in Japan: a multilevel analysis. 19 However, it is precisely the non-linear relation between micro-level income and life expectancy at birth that justifies the inclusion of income inequality in the study of mortality at the macro-level, for example, when making cross national … Has America really entered a New Gilded Age? What are the political consequences of the growing income gap? Can democracy survive such vast economic inequality? The statements made and the views expressed are solely the responsibility of the Center for American Progress. Data and methods Data For income inequality, we made use of a new dataset called Standardizing the World Income Inequality Database (SWIID). Found insideThis report examines the links between inequality and other major global trends (or megatrends), with a focus on technological change, climate change, urbanization and international migration. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, “Raising Cigarette Taxes Reduces Smoking, Especially Among Kids (And the Cigarette Companies Know It)” (2017), available at, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Response to Increases in Cigarette Prices by Race/Ethnicity, Income, and Age Groups—United States, 1976-1993,”, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, “State Cigarette Excise Tax Rates & Rankings” (2018), available at. Women at every income group live longer than men do, but the difference narrows among the highest income people. If you are poor and only have a high school education, that’s a life expectancy double-whammy. Incarceration In high-income countries, the relationship was not significant. Both income inequality and disparities in mortality have increased markedly in most developed countries since the 1970s or 1980s. Found insideThis pioneering volume uses modern statistical and simulation techniques to explain the process of wealth transmission and the persistent problem of the unequal distribution of wealth. By 1991, it was eighty-six to one. In the JAMA study on income and life expectancy, the authors provide a ranking of race and ethnicity adjusted expected age at death by commuting zone and income quartile. The Preston curve indicates that individuals born in richer countries, on average, can expect to live longer than those born in poor countries. This issue brief offers examples of policies that have been successful in reducing smoking rates because it is one of the major factors identified as helping explain some of the differences in life expectancy. According to the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, total annual health care expenditures from smoking in the United States are approximately $170 billion.16 The government carries most of this burden, with $39.6 billion in annual Medicaid expenditures, $45 billion in Medicare payments, and $23.8 billion in other federal tobacco-related health care costs.17 Ultimately, there are strong public health and financial incentives for communities to address tobacco control, and it makes fiscal sense for the federal government and states to encourage local programs. Second, inequality in life expectancy increased over time. Image Adapted from the 2016 article “ Disparity in Life … Causes of death; Europe; Fixed effects models; Income inequality; Life expectancy; Mortality. As seen in the research and local initiatives described above, comprehensive, evidence-based public health policies play a key role in lowering smoking rates and changing behaviors and cultural attitudes around tobacco use. Second, inequality in life expectancy increased over time. Epub 2019 Jan 8. A study in the Journal of the American Medical Association, “The Association between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States 2001-2014,” also demonstrated that in the United States between 2001 and 2014, higher income was associated with greater longevity. The income inequality hypothesis rejected? This means that rising income inequality has negative impact on aggregate health status of population (Preston, 1975; Deaton, 2003; Babones, 2008). In Fault Lines, Rajan argues that serious flaws in the economy are also to blame, and warns that a potentially more devastating crisis awaits us if they aren't fixed. October 18, 2012. The city is working to engage people who identify as smokers through health clinics and other community efforts, particularly for younger individuals and those of childbearing age. People in poor countries live shorter lives than people in rich countries so that, if we scale income by some index of health, there is more inequality in the world than if we consider income alone. This means that at low levels of per capita income, further increases in income are associated with large gains in life expectancy, but at high levels of income, increased income has … Economic approaches to biology, studies dealing with the interrelation between population dynamics and public choice and research on the impact of population on the distribution of income and wealth are of interest. doi: 10.1111/j.0887-378X.2004.00302.x. However, the link between income and life expectancy flattens out. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Go Healthy Houston, “Houston Boots Smoking Sponsors” (last accessed June 2018). Checking the Spirit Level: The Relationship Between Income Inequality and Life Expectancy. Both income inequality and disparities in mortality have increased markedly in most developed countries since the 1970s or 1980s. The widening income gap in the United States has been a topic of much conversation and research over the past several years. Life expectancy for females in the most deprived areas fell by almost 100 days during this period. policy institute that is dedicated to improving the lives of all eFigure 12. Individuals’ inflation-adjusted family income is used to indicate their income. income level and the distribution of income (Rodgers 1979). Houston has also been a place of local innovation around tobacco prevention public policies and efforts. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00204-9. Separated by only 350 miles, affluent Fairfax County, Virginia and hardscrabble McDowell County, West Virginia represent a life expectancy gap in the United States that many see expanding as income inequality grows. A "Swiss paradox" in the United States? 2009 Nov 10;339:b4471. Using 1995 as an illustrative year, which is the year before the JAMA study began using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to study health behaviors, New York’s tax rate was 56 cents and New Jersey’s stood at 40 cents.24 In contrast, states with localities that rank lower in life expectancy for lower-income populations—such as Ohio and Indiana—have a current state cigarette tax of $1.60 and $0.995, respectively, with tobacco taxes of 24 cents and 15.5 cents in 1995.25 Similarly, many of the leading cities have also historically had smoke-free air laws for places such as workplaces, restaurants, and bars. The Census Bureau reports that the Gini coefficient, which measures income inequality, has risen from 0.394 in 1970 to 0.469 in 2010; the share of household income earned by the bottom quintile was 3.3 percent in 2010, compared to 50.2 percent among the top quintile. See National Association of Attorneys General, “The ABCs of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement,” available at, Tobacco Control Legal Consortium, “The Master Settlement Agreement: An Overview” (2015), available at, U.S. General Accounting Office, “Tobacco Settlement: States’ Use of Master Settlement Agreement Payments,” GAO-01-851, Report to the Honorable John McCain, Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate, June 2001, available at, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “National Tobacco Control Program Funding,” available at, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Economic Trends in Tobacco,” available at, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “E-cigarette Ads and Youth,” available at, For the ranking of these commuting zones, see Chetty and others, “The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014.”. -, Lynch JW, et al. But an African American born today can, on average, still expect to live about 3.5 fewer years than a white person born on the same day.11. These policies also have little to no downside; they improve public health and lower future health care costs. For instance, starting in 2011, Houston received three years of funding at half a million dollars each year in the form of a Community Transformation Grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to work on tobacco prevention and other community health efforts. Between 2001 and 2014, life expectancy increased by 2.34 years for men and 2.91 years for women in the top 5% of the income distribution, but by only 0.32 years for men and 0.04 years for women in the … We aimed to critically assess the relationship between income inequality and mortality in 43 European countries using comparable data between 1987 and 2008, controlling for time-invariant and time-variant country-level confounding factors. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4471. Madeline Twomey is the special assistant for Health Policy at the Center. Life expectancy. Income inequality, mortality, and self rated health: meta-analysis of multilevel studies. However, in 2010, the city received nearly $7.5 million in CDC funding through the federal Communities Putting Prevention to Work (CPPW) initiative to devote to tobacco use reduction and exposure to secondhand smoke.56 This grant specifically targeted individuals with disproportionate incidence of chronic disease, including lower-income individuals. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. The well-known curvilinear relationship between GDP and life expectancy which shows little return to income after a country reaches roughly $10,000 per capita wealth (Wilkinson, 1996) also seems to apply to mental well-being where the impact of inequality becomes more important to outcomes at higher levels of country wealth. US Census data show a steady increase in summary measures of income inequality over the past 50 years. Found insideA NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER “One of the most important books of the current moment.”—Time “A rousing call to action. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), almost 38 million adults smoked cigarettes in 2016, and there are more than 480,000 deaths each year from cigarette smoking,8 with the difference in life expectancy between smokers and nonsmokers at 10 years or more.9 The CDC estimates that each year, 127,700 smokers die of lung cancer, 160,000 die from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and 113,100 die from respiratory diseases—all conditions associated with smoking.10, Public health officials have long aimed to raise awareness of the consequences of smoking, and these efforts have been largely successful: Adult smoking rates in the United States have dropped from 25.5 percent in 199011 to an estimated 13.9 percent in 2017.12 However, lower-income individuals have not seen as large a drop in smoking rates. How Did Babies per Woman Change in the World? 2019 Sep;54(9):1125-1131. doi: 10.1007/s00127-019-01687-w. Epub 2019 Mar 22. Background Few countries record the data needed to estimate life expectancy by ethnic group. At a certain age there is simply no financial benefit to continuing to work. In this volume, the authors turn to a country-by-country analysis of retirement behavior based on micro-data. I explore the connection between income inequality and health in both poor and rich countries. California, New York, and New Jersey all have such laws currently in place at the state level, with California’s going into effect starting in the 1990s, and New York’s and New Jersey’s beginning in 2003 and 2006, respectively.26 Lastly, current spending on tobacco prevention and control efforts also correlates with the top localities in the JAMA study. The relationship between increased income inequality and increased disparities in mortality is a little stronger than that between increased income inequality and changes in average life expectancy. We use new data from 1.4 billion anonymous earnings and mortality records to construct more precise estimates of the relationship between income and life expectancy at the national level than was feasible in prior work. A 2013 study found a pronounced relationship between economic inequality and life expectancy. Today, Japan's life expectancy is almost 84 years, Significant associations between income inequality and many mortality indicators were found in pooled cross-sectional regressions, indicating higher mortality in countries with larger income inequalities. Three types of policies in particular—cigarette taxes, smoke-free air laws, and tobacco control programs—have played a strong role in decreasing smoking rates, including among lower-income populations. Hall and Chris Doran, “ Houston Boots smoking Sponsors ” ( last accessed June 2018.... ):28. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.030 by CZ for individuals in bottom Quartile eFigure 14 without... 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