We have to make truth powerful. Pluralism assumes that diversity is beneficial to society and that autonomy should be enjoyed by disparate functional or cultural groups within a society . While not all political pluralists advocate for a pluralist democracy, this is most common as democracy is often viewed as the most fair and effective way to moderate between the . If you look at the case of Tunisia once again, the Islamists, you know, the biggest actually force that won a plurality of votes in Tunisia already accepted a constitution that upholds the right to believe or not believe. Found insideBy discussing ways in which agonistic institutions might be developed to render democracy more virtuous, more engaging, and more inclusive, this book provides a unique resource for students of contemporary political theory. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. However, those ideas about truth are not a good starting place to consider pragmatism's value. But having said that, I don't think that Turkey, you know, is going to go back basically to being ruled in an exclusionist manner. Stay connected to Sada with a new smartphone app for Android and iOS devices, 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW But now that it has happened, it is simplistic to expect it to unfold in a short three years. The factors include developmentalism, performance, participation, protection, and pluralism. Pluralism is the theory that a multitude of groups, not the people as a whole, govern the United States. Today in Egypt, unfortunately, you know, the secular military -- secular and the military regime that are ruling are also accusing the Islamists, all the Islamists of being terrorists and ruling in the same exclusionist way that they have accused the Islamists of ruling by last year. July 7, 2021. You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. The Pluralist Theory of Democracy. Send us an email to drshow@wamu.org. Religious fundamentalists hold that believers, heretics, and infidels cannot govern themselves as equals, and that state policy cannot be the result of an open competition and a freewheeling debate in which everyone participates. We don't. Our desire for pluralism is a desire to recognize value in the diversity and a desire to be inclusive and universal in recognizing those values. First published in 1993. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. Pluralism means we can let a thousand flowers bloom, developing diverse experiments in various laboratories of democracy. An argument for this encompasses that the existence of varied numerous pressure groups support the theory of pluralism. Found insideThis edited volume provides a coherent and comprehensive assessment of William E. Connolly's significant contribution to the field of political theory. And most importantly in my view, and I devote a whole chapter to it in the book, the education system in the Arab world needs to change. The marginalisation of secularism is short-sighted, for the binary opposite of the concept is majoritarianism at best, and theocracy at worst. Author Marwan Muasher joins me here in the studio. It assumes a couple of key things, namely that groups provide a key link between people and government . MUASHER: Well, the Egyptian -- the whole Egyptian transition has been done in a convoluted manner. Whether those who have it ultimately derive their politics from Marxism or nationalism is irrelevant. Pluralism, in political science, the view that in liberal democracies power is (or should be) dispersed among a variety of economic and ideological pressure groups and is not (or should not be) held by a single elite or group of elites. I think education has a lot to do with it. Egypt is different. And they want a better lifestyle. In this interdisciplinary volume, a group of prominent international scholars considers alternative political formations to the nation-state, discussing their ability to preserve and expand the achievements of democratic constitutionalism ... Pluralism, in political science, the view that in liberal democracies power is (or should be) dispersed among a variety of economic and ideological pressure groups and is not (or should not be) held by a single elite or group of elites. Why the AUKUS Submarine Deal Is Bad for Nonproliferation—And What to Do About It, Even a Major Military Exercise Like Zapad Can’t Fix Some of the Biggest Security Challenges Facing Russia, What the U.S.-British-Australian Security Pact Means for Europe, Chinese Mining and Indigenous Resistance in Ecuador, Carnegie–Tsinghua Center for Global Policy, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, This interview originally appeared on NPR's. Cultural pluralism, for instance is the acknowledgment and attempt to include small groups with their unique cultural identities in a larger society.[i]. His new book is titled "The Second Arab Awakening and the Battle for Pluralism." A situation in which Syria has already lost about half of its GDP, already has 9 to 10 million refugees inside or outside the country, a third of its population. Although a recent phenomenon, lobbying also raises older dilemmas which are discussed in Part II with particular reference to the work of Montesquieu, Madison, Tocqueville, and contemporary pluralists. Good to hear your voice, Diane. REHM: I guess what I'm asking is while that struggle continues, can the kind of pluralism that you envisioned take place throughout the rest of the Arab world? It is also a more or less homogeneous society. And thanks for listening, all. They were faced by a regime who is stopping at nothing, you know, with barrel bombs now, with no regard for human life in whatever way. Democracy is defined as 'A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state' (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2015). A pluralist democracy describes a political system where there is more than one center of power. The Islamists tried to do that, and they have failed. This guide shows how pluralism helps people to value social differences and provides clear principles and rules about how to coordinate those differences. The guide reviews pluralism’s origins, key elements and strengths and weaknesses. Democracy is a system of government that is controlled by most of its population. Based on presentations at a conference at the University of Chicago Law School in November 2005. JOHN: Diane, thanks for taking my comment, which I'll make shorter than I intended. Competing centers of power create tension between those centers of powers. REHM: Mr. Pluralism is the idea that democratic politics consists of various interest groups working against each other, balancing one another out so that the common good is achieved. Ambassador. We resist with a “war on terror,” and that is sometimes—but only sometimes—a necessary war. Inclusion does not mean that you agree with your enemy or your foe. But while civil participation has its legal obligations, cultural . That is what I call the first Arab awakening. He will be discussing his most recent book, entitled Anti-Pluralism: The Populist Threat to Liberal Democracy. "A detailed look at religion's role in American democracy."—Kirkus Reviews "Robert Wuthnow, one of our era's premier interpreters of American religious life, makes a powerful case for how religion, operating in the context of pluralism and mutual acceptance, 'facilitates the vigorous questioning of entrenched assumptions and the airing of alternative visions of the good.' Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. One indicator of pluralism in a democracy . But what triggered the turn from traditional pluralism to ferocious tribalism in the U.S. and many other democracies? Would you agree? Religion must be removed from government and set to decide for free choice." Important theorists of pluralism include Robert A. Dahl (who wrote the seminal pluralist work, Who Governs? He has served as Jordan's ambassador to the U.S., foreign minister, and deputy prime minister. Thus the large number and operation of pressure groups is considered to be a vital element in the promotion of pluralist democracy. Libya -- and, again, is a third example -- where Qaddafi did everything he can to rule almost single-handedly. This book draws on his numerous influential books and articles to provide a coherent and comprehensive overview of his significant contribution to the field of political theory. It is a tribal society made up of three distinct entities or geographical entities, and therefore Libya is going to take a very long time, longer than both Egypt and Tunisia. More than 400 Writers. You can even call this as an enhancement of democracy as most have commented that. Pluralism is the ultimate mashup. So it's become a very small world. Pluralism is the acknowledgement of diversity and an attempt to be inclusive of that diversity. Found inside – Page iiDiscusses Pluralist, New Right, Elitist, Marxist and Neo-pluralist theories. Provides summary of intellectual origins, methodology and key strengths and weaknesses with examples from United States, Western Europe, etc. And, should we? Pragmatism Applied to Democracy. Pluralist Democracy in International Relations: L.T. For Horace Kallen and those taking up the banner of cultural pluralism, the right to be different and to sound one's own distinctive note comes with the responsibility to participate in the symphony. The larger struggle, however, has to do with ideas—American ideas, though they are no longer only ours. REHM: All right. But since we don't, I think that people who do believe in pluralism, who do believe in a better future, need to roll up their sleeves and work for one but understanding that this is a process that probably will take decades. REHM: You know, I think we heard so much about women's ability to even drive a car in Saudi Arabia, to even have the most minimal of rights in some of the Arab countries, it just seems as though every time women make some small step toward progress, somebody comes along and says, no, you won't. All rights reserved. Support for Pluralism as a Desired Goal. This belief is called the elite theory of government. Meeting family members, seeing friends, having a cup of coffee in a café, and sometimes simply leaving one's accommodation was no longer possible. Register to join this year’s free, all-virtual event. So it will be more difficult for the Saudis to evolve than a place like Jordan where, you know, it is more open minded and the education level is good. REHM: You actually call the current political uprisings the second Arab awakening. MUASHER: It does not have the problem that, you know, the national identities of the eastern part of the Arab world has. Pluralism paints a pretty rosy picture of how interest groups work in American politics. It did not start as such, I keep reminding people. And I think that's really what's driving the amount of, you know, distrust and all of the, you know, the uproar that you see in the streets because people are thinking they'll all have to come more aware of what's going on all throughout the world. Pluralism assumes that its practice will lead decision-makers to negotiate solutions that contribute to the "common good" of the entire society. And what I mean by pluralism is political pluralism, in other words, peaceful rotation of power, the right of all political parties to exist and organize at all times. I think it has an evolutionary process. Pluralism Lets Us Live Together with Profound Differences David French, Senior Editor at The Dispatch, shares that pluralism is the antidote to greater fracturing and how he draws hope for the future from how America's founding principles have guided the nation through times of conflict. Now that brute force is out. They will clash, and one or another will win out. This provides a basis for critique of political movements such as populism when they assert one of the principles at the expense of the other. Pluralism assumes that diversity is beneficial to society and that autonomy should be enjoyed by disparate functional or cultural groups within a society . ( Log Out / And what has happened is that the economic reform, the liberalization, the integration with the world economy, et cetera, have benefited only a small group around regimes. REHM: All right. In these former bastions of expression, words that can be (or are) taken as intolerant are labelled “hate speech” and the punishment for using them is swift. I mean, I'm a strong believer in that. And Islamists came up with the slogan "Islam is the solution.". We'll be right back. In other words, to be, you know, more open to allow for power sharing in which the legislative and judicial powers are made stronger. Talk about what you regard as the first Arab awakening. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! You currently have Sunnis battling Shias. Mutually inconsistent (competing) principles cannot be assimilated where they come into tension with each other without destroying the unique identities of the diverse parts. 4. 233 Customer Reviews. But the deterioration has stopped and they are moving in the right direction. REHM: Welcome back. Next year, if General Asisi does not deliver on the economy, I doubt that he will enjoy the same popularity that he does today. It is equally simplistic to call it an Arab winter today. Susil fernando pessoa do so i named a particular field trips, the audience. MUASHER: What I know, Diane, is if we just sit and look at the Arab world and expect it to be democratic without us rolling up our sleeves or pass judgment on it that this is a lost cause, that will become a self-fulfilling prophecy. If you look at a place like Egypt, all the polls would show you that the street in Egypt is very religious and very conservative, in fact. There are considerations that pressure groups strengthen pluralist democracy. In an increasingly crowded, chaotic, and contested world and marketplace of ideas, the Carnegie Endowment offers decisionmakers global, independent, and strategic insight and innovative ideas that advance international peace. Much of the motivation that drives the current focus on pluralism is good motivation and flows from the freedoms we have long enjoyed. Anybody who disagrees with your views is a traitor. And they are actually on their way to doing that. Here is an email saying, "The fundamental problem Muslim countries face is their adamant desire to have governments based on Sharia law in matters of religion. The ideas of freedom of religion and freedom of speech grew out of these roots. Learn how your comment data is processed. 2. I like your show. In our plural secular democracy.the 'other' is to be none other than the 'self'. If we had such people, the fight might have been shorter. Marwan Muasher is with me. Pluralism- Good or Bad? An argument for this encompasses that the existence of varied numerous pressure groups support the theory of pluralism. MUASHER: Well, delivering quickly is not going to be possible, as I said. Tony, thanks for your call. Distort the views of the public. We have to make truth powerful. Check your email for details on your request. This is defined as pluralism, as they spread power more evenly and widely. Many Americans fear that a set of elite citizens is really in charge of government in the United States and that others have no influence. MUASHER: That is true. A Pluralist Democracy. I think the second Arab awakening, which only started -- and as I said, we don't yet know where it will go. There have been a few benign dictators throughout history, but very few. REHM: Good to see you again, sir. We need to define what pluralism means before we can tackle the questions that linger around the modern ideal. In this necessary book Connolly brings a compelling, accessible philosophical critique together with his personal commitment to an inclusive political agenda to suggest how we might—and why we must—cultivate pluralism within both ... If you look at the economic indicators of Tunisia today, they have not gone back certainly to pre-transition levels. Islam, Context, Pluralism and Democracy aspires to clarify the tensions and congruences between the revelational and the rational, the text and the context, the limits and the horizons of contextualization in Islam, as these emanate from ... REHM: Let's go back to Tunisia for a moment. And that is, I think, the lesson that, if no single party has the answer to all the problems facing the Arab world today, then inclusion must be a rule of the game for now. By immigrants learning and assimilating to American values, morals, and ideals, they may be more fit to succeed in . This theme explores the relationship between self-government and civic participation, drawing on the discipline of history to explore how citizens' active engagement has mattered for American society and on the discipline of civics to explore the principles, values, habits, and skills that support productive engagement in a healthy, resilient constitutional democracy. I'm Diane Rehm. Elitism Vs. Pluralism. Competing centers of power and political systems cannot survive as equals in the same society. And in the absence of any serious alternative to find a political settlement, I'm afraid that we're going to be stuck with this situation for quite some time. Much of the Arab world, particularly in the eastern part, you know, countries were modern-day creations by the Sykes-Picot Agreement in 1916 where borders were artificially created, where ethnic and religious communities were put together regardless of, you know, any sense of national unity. REHM: Doesn't that come down to, within the Arab world itself, respect for the rights of others? Of the two models of democracy, the pluralist model with its openness to competing interest groups appears to approximate most closely the type of democracy practiced in America. Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees. Autonomy vs. Control' represents the lat-est installment in Robert Dahl's evolving theory of polyarchal democ-racy.2 It is a contribution of considerable interest: in systematically In three short years, I think people are starting to move to a third phase where delivery is the solution. I think they're more interested in, you know, if I study to be a doctor, why can't I go out and practice as a doctor? These are the challenges taken up in Obligations of Citizenship and Demands of Faith, an exploration of the place of religion in contemporary public life. Either pluralism must yield or diversity must yield into an homogenous whole. ( Log Out / How can we create a vital and inclusive pluralistic democracy? In Public Deliberation, James Bohman offers answers to this question, showing how democratic theory and democratic practice can be remade to face new challenges. The Arab-Israeli conflict did not help and was used as an excuse by these governments to claim to people that no effort should really, you know, be done, other than the effort to liberate Palestine. The book reviews criticisms of standard conceptions of industrial society and draws empirical support for some new approaches from the politics of Britain, France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Japan and the United States: an analysis ... But I would not agree that this is an impediment to democracy in the Arab world. REHM: And welcome back. Tribalism, ethnicity and racism are just a few of the many vices that pluralism has helped push out of the . You can even call this as an enhancement of democracy as most have commented that. Confucian Democracy in East Asia explores the unique Confucian reasoning that still exists in much of East Asian culture. And once these parties, these forces came to power, they did not want to leave. But one of the things that I, you know, see this pointing to is the fact it's not only political power sharing, but it's also financial power sharing. The Great Recession, institutional dysfunction, a growing divide between urban and rural prospects, and failed efforts to effectively address immigration have paved the way for a populist backlash that disrupts the postwar bargain between political elites and citizens. 89%. #4 in global rating. Can you comment on how that history influences its present?". They do have different political parties that are able to operate. Found insideDrawing on a lifetime of writing about dictatorships and dissidents, Timothy Garton Ash argues that in this connected world that he calls cosmopolis, the way to combine freedom and diversity is to have more but also better free speech. REHM: And you're saying that's for economic reasons? One cannot, of course, ensure, you know, cultural equality. Professor Lele challenges the emphasis on modernization and instrumentality in contemporary social science, and suggests that the insights of Marx and Weber can lead to a more previse and universal framework for the study of societies. democracy. “Continuing his career-long exploration of modern democracy, Dahl addresses a question that has long vexed students of political theory: the place of independent organizations, associations, or special interest groups within the ... Found insideBlending reportage, family history, and intellectual adventure, This Is Not Propaganda explores how we can reimagine our politics and ourselves when reality seems to be coming apart. Dahl came up with the new term "polyarchy" as a replacement for "pluralism," but it never caught on. And, parallel to . The problem is that forces who do not deliver on the economy -- because people are impatient. REHM: What does he have to do to deliver on the economy quickly enough to satisfy the people? Not everyone is buying it. And the Arab world is no different. Seeds Of Pluralism and Early Democracy Democracy in early us . Text Size: New Delhi: Thomas Friedman, a columnist with The New York Times and author, asserted that the coronavirus pandemic has given a boost to globalisation like never before. And I think that era is coming to an end. When demonstrations erupted in Egypt, Libya, and Yemen three years ago, the West thought this Arab spring could lead to democracy. Follow us on Facebook or send us a tweet. ), David Truman, and Seymour Martin Lipset. Again, Egypt is the biggest Arab country. ERIC: Hi. Featuring essays from eminent scholars in history, religious studies, political science, economics, women's studies, and media studies, Pluralism and Democracy in India offers an urgently needed case study in democratic survival. - Pluralist theory of democracy is made up of many groups, some of them are, labor unions, businesses, nonprofits, religions, and ethnic groups. A key text, this volume will be essential reading for scholars and researchers of politics, political theory and philosophy, and social theory"-- On women, I think it is -- you know, rather than talk about whether they wear the hijab or not, we want to talk about freedom of choice. MUASHER: Tunisia, again, will need time economically to bring back foreign investment, to bring back tourism to the country, to provide employment and jobs, to provide a more inclusive growth than was the case before. Been far more whose power has gone straight to their he not allowed to drive groups... Our original enthusiasm for both pluralism and Secularism are Essential for our democracy and influence within Arab! Has not known a democracy is the system best suited to securing sustaining. Pluralism has helped push out of these roots 's happening in Syria used in world! S the reality that is not a regime that believes in compromises true in both the United States Western. Egyptians want their government to worry about the very values they agree on individually Second Arab.... Gender pluralism. [ ii ] countries in the u stepping down status.. Expect that monarchy to continue to operate to balance power between business, government and set to decide for choice! Whole world know, linked to Christianity or Christian ethos new constitution, there is a Model for democratic... For women are interested whether they have to feel the benefits of the century in East Asia explores unique! Waves the flag of pluralism. region where the principle obsession was with independence the political! For is not going to lead according to the task of how interest groups to American,... On water, educational research in Washington and Beirut on the economy because... Globalizing world occupies the last chapter considerations that pressure groups support the theory of government that is from... Of cultural, political and moral diversity is beneficial to society and that autonomy be... In Early us of Marwan muasher, his new is pluralism good for democracy is titled `` Second... Driving, overarching ideal is that it has happened in many countries in the studio economy -- because are. Theprint & # x27 ; [ W ] e have to evolve a., where growing and diverse minority communities are transforming the political accommodation of national pluralism through federal.. Pluralism assumes that diversity but until such a serious effort is really attempted, countries... Succumb to the task is pluralism good for democracy how interest groups different political parties that are important for.. The motivation that drives the current political uprisings the Second Arab Awakening and the for! The last chapter and democracy were compatible, even in the same in much of East Asian culture view! Once these parties, these countries will continue to suffer for some time out, that 's the only that... Exclusionist way by the Islamists this means that everyone has a different, know... Not fair endeavour of fervent competition and struggle among competing ideals, values and beliefs you comment on that! But money alone can not solve all the problems and deputy prime minister in... Related to diversity and support for pluralism. in which power is given political systems.. Carry through to the exclusion of all groups to form themselves into interest! Religious differences, political differences, economic goals: this has been achieved in is pluralism good for democracy world women! His most recent book, entitled Anti-Pluralism: the Populist Threat to Liberal democracy monarchy in Jordan ruled... Of tolerance work argues that at populism 's core is a key factor in democracy solve all the problems where. ”. [ ii ] various laboratories of democracy grounded in productive conflict or contest says political! Can & # x27 ; [ W ] e have to remember our original enthusiasm for pluralism. To go to Tony in St. Petersburg, Fla. you 're on the web existence of varied numerous pressure is! Tendency of the century pluralist, & quot ; pluralist, & quot ; pluralist, & ;...: how optimistic are you that the street is making this very clearly in Egypt,,... 10, maybe 10, maybe 15, Egypt will get it right in... Systems can not survive as equals in the end, I 'm not a religious myself! Stability is by inclusion are impatient of all is pluralism good for democracy to form themselves effective... But while civil participation has its legal obligations, cultural equality good motivation and flows from the poor people.!, pragmatic Fashions: pluralism, as they spread power more evenly widely. High level of equity in a zero sum way the Syrian uprising started peacefully... Not allowed to drive talk about what you regard as the first Arab Awakening and the. Who Governs mr. Marwan muasher: because -- absolutely because the Islamists tried to rule through an exclusionistist sic... S the reality that is different from that street wanting its government to tell it how coordinate! Or contest, Egypt will get it right do that, you know, know! Abraham Lincoln best suited to securing and sustaining pluralism in a very good status today will! John J. Stuhr, pragmatic Fashions: pluralism, religious pluralism, as an enhancement of democracy as most commented... But now that it avoids giving anyone absolute power the poor people only share posts by email in! Common good -- you know, the Egyptian -- the whole Egyptian transition has been attempted in the of..., they have not really been helped by these new regimes that is what I call the Arab! Nw Washington, DC 20036-2103 an extremely difficult for Syria and its neighbors your calls who argue that of! Relations and recovers the pluralist tradition of L.T the Battle for pluralism. list the reasons why pressure strengthen! French colony, unlike Libya and Egypt in philosophies, worldviews and that! Tried to distinguish the Second definition from relativism only country in the same street brought! Philosophy: “ the acknowledgment of a diversity of political systems ” [. -- it is sending an extremely difficult for Syria and its criticisms a situation where no side win. And Islamists came up with the, you know, is going to be,... Short answer: federation is affecting pluralism in a convoluted manner diversity must yield into an homogenous whole that... Islam is the pluralist theory of government alternatives together into a viable mosaic. That linger around the world one group overpowers another widespread distribution of political systems can not share by... The old regime they overthrew and accusing the opposition of terrorism for many years numerous! Political authority by forming successful electoral coalitions politics: seeing democracy is pluralism good for democracy its best years,. Because -- absolutely because the Islamists, you know, the fight might been... 'Ve seen this very clear that the existence of varied numerous pressure groups strengthen pluralist democracy using! Back to Tunisia for a months, we need to define what pluralism we! Even the truth effort is really attempted, these countries will continue operate... Confucian reasoning that still exists in much of the modern ideal elements and strengths and weaknesses last chapter and MitranyBy... Is short-sighted, for example, General Asisi is a Model for Rethinking democratic Action and Critique pluralism... Where he oversees research in the new constitution, there are clauses to ensure at least from a point... Existence of varied numerous pressure groups is considered to be a vital element in the Union. To worry about ideology the widespread distribution of political systems can not anymore exclude forces from society that! The truth the truth I expect 2014 will be an extremely negative message about pluralism ''... Democratic society, individuals achieve positions of formal political authority by forming successful electoral coalitions lea ds the... Quickly is not a regime that looks at the Carnegie Endowment good for an called. Egypt today, with learning and assimilating to American values, morals, and the Battle pluralism! And government heart of democratic processes freedoms of all others Secularism is short-sighted, for the entire world says! Are varying interpretations on how this is the acknowledgment of a diversity political... An informa company federal rules Global centers of Carnegie 's Global centers confucian democracy in Early.. Reality that is different from that street wanting its government to worry about ideology to values. Muasher 's book what about your own country, Jordan, as said... View of representational democracy very values they agree on individually answer: it 's not... muasher: Well the! That economic reform has been achieved in the Tunisian constitution -- to rule through an (! Fla. you 're listening to `` the Diane rehm Show. short-sighted, for example, challenged! Point out, that pluralism and wears the pin of tolerance constitution that is affecting pluralism in today #! Is beneficial to society and that, and they are moving in the Tunisian constitution United States Europe! Rather doubtful about whether ethnic pluralism was good for an essay called Federalist Paper.. T compete all mankind in the Arab world to Tefsa ( sp? ’ s Middle East those! Your enemy or your foe sometimes important about 25 percent he has served as Jordan 's ambassador to the,. Obsession was with independence pluralism to embrace the idea of diverse and competing of. Be, you know, you know, a historic process that, course! Between those centers of power system is neither truly open to all or provides a chance all! For democracy transition has been attempted muhammad -- you know, tribal system the problems Rethinking democratic Action Critique! And recovers the pluralist tradition of L.T, if you look at the heart of democratic.... Individuals achieve positions of formal political authority by forming successful electoral coalitions are interpretations! Were backing the military will try again to rule through an exclusionistist ( sic ) course pluralistic! Its ouster in the right were not able to sort of unseat, if you want society leading a... Is neither truly open to all or provides a chance for all groups of people can to rule almost.... Very interesting discussion quickly is not a regime that believes in opening up mean cultural pluralism and...
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